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Titus Andronicus (ballad)
"The Lamentable and Tragical History of Titus Andronicus," also called "Titus Andronicus' Complaint," is a ballad from the 17th century about the fictional Roman general, Titus, and his revenge cycle with the Queen of the Goths. Events in the ballad take place near the end of the Roman Empire, and the narrative of the ballad parallels the plot of William Shakespeare's play ''Titus Andronicus''. Scholarly debate exists as to which text may have existed first, the ballad or the play (indeed, there is a third potential ''Titus Andronicus'' source, a prose history published in chapbook form during the 18th century).〔W.W. Greg, A Bibliography of the English Printed Drama to the Restoration, Volume 1: Stationers' Records, Plays to 1616 (London: Bibliographic Society, 1939)〕 The ballad itself was first entered on the Stationers' Register in 1594, the same year the play was entered.〔(British Library: "Shakespeare quartos" )〕 Surviving copies of the ballad can be found in the British Library, in the Huntington Library, and at Magdalene College, Cambridge. Online copies of the facsimiles are also available for public consumption at sites such as the English Broadside Ballad Archive.
==Synopsis==
Narrated by Titus Andronicus himself, the ballad begins with Titus addressing "noble Minds, & famous Martial Wights〔(''Oxford English Dictionary'' )〕 / That in Defense of Native Countries fights" (lines 1-2).〔("The Lamentable and Tragical History of Titus Andronicus" )〕 Titus thus invokes an audience sympathetic with nationalistic sentiments, and he goes on to explain his victorious return to Rome from wars with the Goths. He describes bringing with him the Queen of the Goths, her two sons, and a Moor as his prisoners; however, upon presenting them to the Emperor of Rome, the Emperor makes the Queen his wife, which enables her and her sons to seek revenge on Titus. Acting in conspiracy with the Moor,〔It is worth noting that, in the play, Shakespeare names the Queen (Tamora), her sons (Chiron and Demetrius), and the Moor (Aaron), but the ballad refrains from ever naming any of Titus's enemies (http://shakespeare.mit.edu/titus/full.html )〕 the Queen frames Titus's sons for the murder of the Emperor's son, and the Queen's sons rape and mutilate Titus's daughter, Lavinia. After the rape, the Moor manipulates Titus into cutting off his right hand to redeem his sons, but his sons are killed regardless, and their hearts are sent to Titus as a taunt. In an attempt to revenge himself, Titus kills the Queen's sons and, with Lavinia's help, bakes them into a pie to feed to the Queen. In the ballads penultimate stanza, after feeding the pies of her sons' flesh to the Queen, Titus kills Lavinia, the Queen, the Emperor, and eventually himself. The final stanza, still spoken by Titus, documents the Moor's punishment, calling it a just end for all murderers: the Moor was buried into the ground, standing, so that he might starve to death.
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